Calculate carbohydrate, protein and fluid needs before, during and after training or racing.
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Pre-exercise carbs: 2–4g per kg body weight 2–3 hours before, scaled to intensity. During exercise: up to 60g/hour for under 90 min, 60–90g/hour for longer (mixed glucose:fructose 2:1 ratio optimises absorption). Post-exercise protein: 20–40g within 30 minutes to maximise muscle protein synthesis. Recovery carbs: 1.2g/kg to restore glycogen.